In 1996, the University of Texas discovered that phosphate can be used as a cathode material for rechargeable lithium batteries. Lithium phosphate has good electrochemical properties and low resistance. This is achieved through nano-scale phosphate cathode materials. The main advantages are high rated current and long cycle life; good thermal stability, enhanced safety and tolerance to abuse. If kept at a high voltage for a long time, lithium phosphate is more resistant to all charging conditions and has less stress than other lithium-ion systems. The disadvantage is that the lower nominal voltage of the 3.2V battery makes the specific energy lower than the cobalt-doped lithium-ion battery. For most batteries, low temperatures will reduce performance, and elevated storage temperatures will shorten their service life, and lithium phosphate is no exception. Lithium phosphate has a higher self-discharge than other lithium-ion batteries, which may cause aging and thus balance problems, but these can be compensated by selecting high-quality batteries or using advanced battery management systems. The figure below summarizes the properties of lithium phosphate. Lithium phosphate is commonly used instead of lead-acid starter batteries. Four batteries in series produce 12.80V, which is similar to the voltage of six 2V lead-acid batteries in series. By reducing the number of batteries to reduce the overall weight of the car, the car can start mor